What is le carnaval: Mardi-Gras in France: Origins and Traditions
Franco-American Centre
Written by Kaleb Houle-Lawrence – high school Intern
Winter in Québec is incomplete without the Carnaval, which typically runs from late January to early February over a span of 17 days. Over the course of Carnaval, guests can experience the historic city of Québec through the lens of celebration. Carnaval is the largest winter festival in the world, attracting over a million tourists and citizens annually. For children in Québec, Carnaval is comparable to Christmas. Many of the symbols of Carnaval are among the most important to Québecois children, specifically Bonhomme Carnaval. This festival is a crucial part of Canada’s economic prosperity as well, having been re-developed in the 1950s to specifically facilitate the economy following The Great Depression. Québec is one of the few walled cities left on the continent, and considered a UNESCO World Heritage site. Over the years, Carnaval has adapted to attract more people and immerse attendants in a full Canadian experience, but its French roots are always a central focus.
The roots of this all-out winter festival stem back to the colonial period of New France in this region. Originally, the Carnaval was an event to celebrate the end of winter and feast before Lent. Mardi Gras, a French cultural tradition in modern-day Louisiana, has similar origins as a festival of feasting before Lent (Mardi Gras is the topic of next week’s blog, so make sure to check back for all the details). Carnvaval is an annual event that first began in 1894. However, it was interrupted by both World Wars. After that, the Great Depression halted all excessive rituals which would have been too expensive for the government, which was already dealing with a diminishing economy. In 1954, the Carnaval made a massive re-entrance into the field of festivals. The initial desire was to increase the economy following the Great Depression. Eventually, though, the Carnaval became a way to bring tourists to Québec and give them an immersive and memorable experience.
Ice Palace of Bonhomme
Fundraising is an important part of planning for the Carnaval, which is why the government encourages entrepreneurs to introduce ideas through the Duchess Competition. Originally, this competition was used to elect the 7 most beautiful women in Québec (one from each district). The 7 women were then put into the final round of competition and the winner was elected Queen of the Québec Carnaval. Now, 7 female entrepreneurs are selected (one from each district) and asked to present their fundraising proposals to the city. The entrepreneur with the best proposal then wins the honor to oversee fundraising for the overall event.
2005 Effigy
One of the most crucial components of Carnaval is the large snowman mascot, named Bonhomme (short for Bonhomme de neige, or snowman) Carnaval. According to some sources, Bonhomme is just as adored with Québecois children as Santa Claus. Bonhomme, pictured below, traditionally wears a red hat, black buttons, and a traditional French Canadian ceinture fléchée (or arrowed sash). Allegedly, Bonhomme is given the key to the city and exerts total control over Québec for the 17 days of the festival. The 7-foot-tall snowman was declared as the mascot of Carnaval in 1955. Since then, an effigy has been recreated every year as both a souvenir and the admission key. Effigies are small ornament-like souvenirs that depict Bonhomme in some way (see the 2005 effigy below)and act as tickets into any Carnaval event. Each year a new effigy is developed. The effigies are purchased on opening night, which also has other festivities including live French music and a fireworks display. Models of Bonhomme’s arrow sash are also a hot commodity with guests of the Carnaval.
Bonhomme dancing on his Float
Once the Carnaval is underway, the schedule is packed full of engaging activities for visitors. Snow sculptures are one of the most iconic attractions of the Carnaval, and professional sculptors can be seen creating these sculptures along the streets and in open fields. Although a winter-long activity, ice skating at Place d’Youville is a must-do activity. Children and adults skate on the frozen pond in front of the historical building. The pond remains open from mid-November until mid-March. Bonhomme’s Ice Palace, his official place of residence, is a large ice-sculpture castle that is open for tours during the day. At night, it becomes a night-club and houses some of the largest parties of the festival. The fairgrounds, which cover the Plains of Abraham, contain popular fair rides like the Ferris wheel, slides, and bouncy houses. As always, a Québec winter twist is added to the attraction with activities such as snow rafting and interactive games. One of the most popular interactive games is human foosball.
Parades throughout the historic city of Québec occur both during the day and the evening. The streets of Québec are covered with decorations, including lights and flags from both Canada and Québec, which line the path for parades of floats and people. Various dance parties occur throughout the city as well, the most popular being in Bonhomme’s Ice Palace. A Masquerade Ball is held annually at the Château Frontenac. The Plains of Abraham, a historic site of Québec, is home to an annual sleigh ride and dog sled race. Lumberjack and Viking Competitions also occur in the city, celebrating traditional winter activities. One of the most insane challenges at the Carnaval is the Snow Bath Challenge, which sees visitors in bathing suits covering themselves in snow to see “who can bear the harsh cold of Québec.”
Queues de Castor – Beaver Tails
Food is an important part of the Carnaval, where local vendors sell popular winter treats. Among these are Queues de Castor (or Beaver Tails), which are long donut-like treats covered in frosting and candy toppings. These are comparable to fried dough at US fairs. Maple taffy is often presented as a make-it-yourself event, in which visitors can pour maple syrup into blocks of ice. Poutine is also a famous Canadian dish available at the Carnaval. These French fries, which have been smothered in gravy and topped with cheese curds, are even popular in the Northeastern United States. Tourtière, a French-Canadien meat pie (commonly known as pork pie in New England) popular during the winter months, is also a Carnaval treat sold by many vendors. Caribou is a traditional Carnaval drink. Caribou is composed of 3 parts wine, 1 part liquor (usually a spirit) and shots of maple sugar and syrup and often served in glass made from ice. Throughout the Carnaval, many vendors set up to sell other foods as well, both Canadian traditional foods and international cuisine. Obviously, the Carnaval of 2021 will be different, but the history of Carnaval is still rich with brilliant cultural traditions and gems.
Meet Bonhomme Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaSgJrbdFI8
Carnaval 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXu-FZS2wMM
5 Cool Facts About the Quebec Winter Carnival
It’s the world’s oldest Winter Carnival, the largest Winter Carnival in the Western hemisphere, and it attracts one million visitors annually!
Le Carnaval de Québec is one of our top student group travel destinations and events! Hosted in one of Canada’s most charming cities and UNESCO World Heritage Sites nonetheless, Québec City is the perfect fairy-tale location for anyone studying French or wanting to get out of their comfort zone on a winter student trip. And if you’re thinking about how cold it’ll be, think again! You’ll be moving around and layering up so much, you’ll never even be feeling the cold at Carnival.
Here’s a taste of what makes the annual Québec City Winter Carnival so cool (pun intended)!
The tradition of having a mid-winter celebration in Québec can be traced back to the history of colonial New France (1534-1763), when family and friends would gather in January to mid-February to break the boredom and deep freeze of winter. In classic French-Canadian tradition, the settlers of New-France would celebrate with a massive feast, live music, foot tapping and gigues (traditional French-Canadian dances). This annual celebration in the deepest and darkest of the winter months would eventually lead to Québec’s first large-scale snow festival in 1894.
Interrupted through the years by both World Wars and the Great Depression, the festivities resurfaced sporadically until 1954, when a group of businessmen from Québec decided to revive and modernize the Québec Winter Carnival to attract visitors and help promote the economic development of the region. The rest, as we say, is history!
1. The Mascot: Bonhomme Carnaval
It was during the first ‘’modern’’ edition of the Carnival in 1955, that Bonhomme Carnaval, the official mascot and ambassador of the festivities, was first introduced to the public.
Bonhomme, short for bonhomme de neige (snowman) is quite hard to miss! Dressed of only a red tuque (beanie), black buttons and a ceinture fléchée (arrowhead sash), if it’s not his impressive size that catches your eye (seven-foot-tall and four-hundred-pounds, to be exact), it’s his incredible personality that incarnates ‘’la joie de vie’’ (love of life), a motto that is near and dear to Quebecers. He is such a celebrity, that every mayor of Québec City since 1955 has handed him a key to the city during the opening ceremonies of the Carnival.
Making regular appearances all through Carnival, your best chances to see him are on the final float of the Saturday evening parades, or in his house, the Ice Palace. If you’re lucky, you might even stumble upon him practicing his signature high kicks move or singing his signature song ‘’Salut Bonhomme’’!
2. L’Effigie: The Official Carnival Passport
For full access to the Carnival sites, you will need to purchase the official effigie du Carnaval (effigy), a pendant that you attach to your coat or backpack, that goes for about $15 CAD. The effigy, just like the Ice Palace, changes its design annually but one thing remains, Bonhomme Carnaval’s lovely white face and red tuque appear on every single model since its first edition in 1955.
Fun fact, famous Québécois wood carver, Alphonse Paré, whose artwork is featured at the Vatican Museum, created all 15 first editions of the Carnival effigies. These effigies, which are now considered collectibles, and every other version since 1955, are displayed at the Atelier Paré Woodcarving Museum in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. You can go visit the museum located in Alphonse Paré’s former workshop, just 5 minutes away from the Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré Basilica on Québec’s magnificent Beaupré Coast.
3. Memorabilia: The Arrowhead Sash and Trumpet
No memorabilia, other than the effigies, are quite as popular as the arrow sash and the Carnival trumpet. You’ll see and hear them all through the Old Walled City, before, during, and after Carnival.
The arrowhead sashes were traditionally used by the coureurs des bois (translates to the “runners of the woods”), independent entrepreneurial French-Canadian traders who would travel solo through North America to trade European items for animal furs with First Nations. The arrow sash was attached around the waist to hold furs, food, and other items inside the traders’ coats, while preventing the cold from penetrating inside. It was also used as a tumpline, an emergency rope, a key holder, and as a mark of distinction and origin. Historic fur trade companies, such as the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company were known to have branded their sashes respectively red and blue, while the Métis were the first to mix the colours together to make their own distinctive sashes.
It is largely because of the Carnaval de Québec and the Festival du Voyageur in Winnipeg, which celebrates the history of fur trade, Métis culture and the French language, that the arrowhead sash can still be seen in French-Canadian and Métis culture today.
As for the hard-to-miss trumpets, they are long, they are red or blue, and they can produce up to 114 decibels! You’ll hear them along rue Saint-Jean, Grande-Allée, during the parades… and basically at any celebration Quebec has other than the Carnival. They’re just great at getting a crowd going, what can we say!
4. Keeping Traditions Alive: The Ice Canoe Race
If you’re looking for an authentic Carnival experience that’s a little more fast paced and intense, then look no further! The annual ice canoe race is everything you should expect from an extreme winter sport. It’s epic and you won’t want to miss it!
The race holds its origins from First Nations and settlers of New-France who would make canoes out of birch bark to transport living essentials, like food and medicine, across the river during the winter months. Although the St-Lawrence River freezes at the tip of Quebec City and can create a natural ice bridge (Québec’s name originates from the Algonquin word Kébec, meaning ‘’where the river narrows’’), most areas along the mighty St-Lawrence River are unattainable without a canoe. Nowadays, with modern technology for transportation and communication between shores, all that remains is a highly entertaining sport for Carnaval goers to attend!
The race consists of forty teams battling it out in three categories: competition – men, competition – women, and general participation, where teams use large dimension canoes to cross from Québec City to Lévis (approximately 3.2 km). Because the event takes place in the middle of the St-Lawrence river, conditions can vary a lot! On perfect condition days, races can last as little as 23 minutes. On windy and snowy days, where wild icebergs start rolling in, it can take much longer with participants having to pull their canoes on the icebergs and avoiding being carried away by the current.
Presented every year since 1955, the Ice Canoe Race is the activity that attracts the biggest crowds throughout Carnival. The location of the race, right at the bottom of Cap Diamant, the highest point of the city, allows for spectators to watch from every angle. Visitors usually check the race out from atop Terrasse Dufferin, from the windows of their hotel room at the Château Frontenac, or from the riverside right next to Le Petit Champlain and Place Royale. The race typically falls on every second Saturday of the Carnival, so check the schedule if you plan on catching the race during your student trip!
5. The Classics: Ice Palace, Parades, and Ice Slides!
Other classic Carnival activities include visiting Bonhomme Carnaval’s home, the Ice Palace! Located across the street from the Québec Parliament Building, it is where the opening ceremonies are held. Built out of 2000 blocks of ice that weigh around 300 pounds, the design of the castle changes every edition. In past years, the Palace has included a spa area, Bonhomme’s office, a reception room, a museum room with artifacts from previous editions, a children’s playroom, a gym…. And all of that, in the shape of a snowflake. Talk about craftsmanship!
The Winter Carnival stretches out over 17 days and features a night parade every Saturday night. The parade itself passes by in about 30 minutes, featuring an array of floats with singers, jugglers, and marching bands, before closing out with Bonhomme himself. The floats usually highlight Québec wildlife, music, and culture. It’s a must for any Carnival itinerary, so bundle up, find a good spot, and get ready to dance the winter cold away!
Your effigy also includes access to all other Carnival sites spread across Old Québec, the Plains of Abraham and along Grande-Allée, where you can participate in lumberjack games, try out some ice slides, view snow sculpture artists at work, and so on.
The 69th edition of Carnaval de Québec will take place in January to February. The official dates for 2023 have yet to be confirmed, but you can still get started and begin planning today!
🏅 GUADELOUPE CARNIVAL 2022 | Parades, Events & More
The Guadeloupe Carnival is a two-month carnival celebration that occurs before Lent. It is a colourful spectacle full of parades, costumes and tradition.
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When is Carnival in Guadeloupe?
Guadeloupe Carnival festivities are loosely tied to the Christian Lent celebrations. Guadeloupe Carnival is a major cultural event in the island and is celebrated over three months each year, starting in early winter and officially ends on Shrove Tuesday, the day before Ash Wednesday which is the official start of Lent.
What is the date of the Guadeloupe Carnival? The 2022 Guadeloupe Carnival dates officially begins on Sunday the 6th January which is the epiphany and ends on Shrove Tuesday, March 1, 2022. The main carnival events are the one that occur in the few days prior to Shrove Tuesday.
Where is Guadeloupe?
Guadeloupe is a gorgeous Caribbean island with year-round sun, pristine beaches and where a laid-back vibe fuses with French suaveness. Guadeloupe is a French island in the Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean.
It comprises of five main islands located in the Caribbean Sea in between Antigua and Dominica. The capital is Basse Terre where most of the carnival activities occur.
What is Guadeloupe Carnival?
Guadeloupe Carnival is an incredibly rich carnival celebration that embraces centuries worth of tradition and heritage. Guadeloupe Carnival is a crazy season of celebrating that is filled with music, dance, costumes, decorations, food, drink, parades, parties and sharing beignets a delicious French donut.
The Guadeloupe Carnival is one of the most important festivals on the island. This event is not just popular with locals but also attracts lots of tourists to this gorgeous Caribbean island to celebrate carnival.
History of Guadeloupe Carnival?
The origins of Guadeloupean carnival began back when the early European settlers introduced carnival to the island back in the 17th century. The original carnival celebrations were private parties and masquerade balls that were held before the onset of Lent.
These early carnival celebrations did not allow for slaves and in fact the slaves were not even allowed to assemble together, a law that was in place in 1685 by the French King.
When slavery was abolished in 1848 the freed people seized this celebration and began to organise their own carnival celebrations called Negro Balls or bals Nègres, these carnival celebrations grew so large and eventually spilled onto the streets becoming public carnival celebrations.
The carnival evolved and began to embrace more Caribbean culture and become uniquely Guadeloupean with some minor European traditions.
How is Guadeloupean Carnival celebrated?
Today Guadeloupean carnival is celebrated through many different events. There are song and dance contests, costumed parades, street parties, the popular crowning of the queen, live music performances and lots of feasting and drinking!
However, it is the three parades that occur between Shrove Sunday and Ash Wednesday which are the peak of Guadeloupean Carnival and occur on the three biggest days of celebration and jubilation.
Groupes à peau
Guadeloupean Carnival officially begins on the 1st January with a parade called “groupes à peau,” which is all about the participants bringing offerings to the sea. This is a tradition that is about leaving the past year and all its issues behind you and attempting for better luck in the new year.
Guadeloupean carnival groups
The Guadeloupean carnival groups spend months of hard work planning for the Guadeloupean Carnival parades. The planning that goes into selecting a carnival theme and then creating intricate dance routines, elaborate floats and beautiful colourful carnival costumes is intense.
The Guadeloupean carnival groups compete in the Guadeloupe Carnival Parades for prestige and cash prizes. The groups are judged on who has the best music, the best float, best costumes, best décor and the main prize on who is the overall best Guadeloupean Carnival Group.
Dimanche Gras – Fat Sunday
Dimanche Gras is a parade is held on Shrove Sunday in Guadeloupe’s largest city Pointe-à-Pitre. The Dimanche Gras features a large procession with over fifty different carnival groups from all over the island performing in the parade.
More than 100,000 people come out to witness this parade. It is a majestic parade with incredibly colourful costumes and perfectly orchestrated dance routines and music. The parade starts in the afternoon and runs till late evening.
The streets are full of excited revellers who don masks and costumes themselves and roam around with lots of festive spirit. This parade is when the Carnival Queen and Vaval makes an appearance.
Lundi Gras – Fat Monday
On Fat Monday first thing in the morning is a pyjama parade that is held across Guadeloupe in the early morning that unlike the previous parade is a spontaneous procession. Anyone who wants can participate they are just required to wear their pyjamas, dance and have fun!
Rose Monday also sees two amazing evening parades in Guadeloupe’s capital city Basse-Terre and Saint-François. These are two incredible evening parades that are light parades. Every costume and float has been created to light up the night.
Lundi Gras is also the day of burlesque weddings. Today is when you will see many couples cross dress in each other’s clothing. So, don’t be surprised to see men walking around in dresses.
Mardi Gras – Fat Tuesday
Mardi Gras which is held on Fat Tuesday also known as Shrove Tuesday is the biggest day of partying and celebrations. The biggest parade is held in Guadeloupe’s capital city Basse-Terre. It is also when the famous Red Devils accompany the floats.
What is vaval?
Vaval is the Guadeloupean Carnival King he is actually a satirical mannequin that generally represents a public figure. He is featured in all the parades. The Carnival Queen is a real woman who is selected from various villages and is always seated beside Vaval in the parades.
Burning the Carnival King
What makes Guadeloupe carnival super unique is the Ash Wednesday celebrations. On Ash Wednesday the revellers are all dressed up in black and white clothing as a sign of mourning. This is a stark contrast to the previous Guadeloupean Carnival Celebrations which saw an explosion of colour.
All the Guadeloupe Carnival celebrations end on Ash Wednesday after the funeral for Vaval the Guadeloupean Carnival King. Vaval is burnt at the end of the funeral while everybody sings in Creole “Vaval ka kité nou” which translates to “Vaval leaves us”, some of the audience pretend to cry and carnival is officially over.
Mid-Lent Thursday
After the Guadeloupean Carnival everything on the island gets pretty calm and quiet until Easter with one exception. There is one day in between called Mid-Lent Thursday which falls halfway between Ash Wednesday and Easter (20 days after the beginning of Lent).
Mid-Lent Thursday is a public holiday in Guadeloupe and allows all the people who have been ‘good for Lent’ to revive the Guadeloupean Carnival Spirit but only for one day and there is little twist as revellers must depict themselves as devils and dress up in red and black costumes.
How to get to Guadeloupe?
Flying is the best way to reach Guadeloupe. Pointe-a-Pitre International Airport is serviced by many major airlines. It is also possible to reach Guadeloupe by boat from some of the other close by Caribbean islands.
Once you’re on the island there are many ways to get around boat, bus, car, and even domestic flights to the other islands.
Where to stay in Guadeloupe?
Most accommodation are small hotels and guest houses that are locally owned and operated. Whether you want a stunning beach front location nestled amid the palm trees, or a private villa or some eco-tourism there are plenty of places to suit all accommodation requirements. Check out some great options and deals here.
Book your Hotel and Flight for the Guadeloupe Carnival
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What is there to do in Guadeloupe?
There is lots to do and see in Guadeloupe! Guadeloupe is filled with activities and attractions. All of Guadeloupe’s main five islands have gorgeous colonial homes and forts. The markets are bursting with shops, colour and activity.
The islands are blessed with lush tropical forests and waterfalls protected in a national park. You can go butterfly watching. Of course, the beaches in Guadeloupe are pristine white sand beaches with beautiful coral reefs that are perfect for swimming, snorkelling, scuba diving.
For more information about tours, things to do, sightseeing tours, day trips and more click here. If you are lucky enough to have a longer vacation then check out some awesome tours on Tour Radar here.
Is Guadeloupe safe?
The main tourist areas of Guadeloupe are pretty safe these include the centre of Point-à-Pitre, Le Gosier, St. Anne, St. Felix. At night you need to exercise more caution and avoid walking around alone and leaving the main areas.
Do be of aware your belongings because large crowds during carnival mean that some pickpocketing may occur.
So be aware of your valuable at all times or even leave them back at your hotel and only bring some cash with you. Or check out Amazon and invest in one of these travel safety accessories, like a fanny pack hidden under your clothing to store your essentials in. If you have to take your phone out with you, don’t have it on show for long
Nice Carnival 2022 / Insider Guide to the Carnaval de Nice, by ICONIC RIVIERA
The Nice Carnival alone justifies a stay in Nice. Every February, the city of Nice celebrates with this glitzy event. Nice’s carnival is world-famous and attracts nearly one million visitors of all nationalities every year. It’s the largest winter event on the Riviera and a must-see.
The Carnival draws its inspiration from traditional themes as well as and political and social events, with a healthy dose of satire — everything is exaggerated. Each year is a different theme.
The streets are full day and night with stalls selling gifts: Provencal items, lavender, brightly colored fabrics, and food.
Nice Carnival’s History
The earliest record of the Nice Carnival goes back to the Middle Ages. The year 1294, to be exact, where the Count of Provence created the “joyous days of carnival,” making the Nice Carnival the very-first carnival celebration.
Originally a pagan festival, “Carne levare, levamen” (“remove the flesh”) – the most common definition of Carnival – takes place before the Lent period, during the fat days (Mardi-gras). It is the last party before a period of abstinence and lean cooking, which therefore justifies all the excesses.
A committee was created in 1873, and in 1876 the first flower parade took place on Promenade des Anglais. Alphonse Karr came up with the concept for the first battle of flowers in 1876. This French writer of German origin, passionate about flowers and living in Nice, wanted a show where people could throw scent bouquets on their faces.
In 1876, Alphonse Karr and Andriot Saëtone created the first battle of flowers on the Promenade des Anglais. The masquerades, satire floats, and competitions followed.
It was during the Belle-Epoque that the Nice Carnival reached its peak: it was then the biggest carnival in the world.
Nice Carnival 2022 Program
There are four main events. All the parades take place in the same small loop (there’s a map at the bottom of this page) around the ‘Jardin Albert 1er’ gardens. Here’s the map: The floats start from Place Masséna . On the square, visual entertainment will be relayed on giant screens.
2022 theme: “King of Animals” (And yes, it’s super-sexist that they always have a male-focused theme starting with “King of…”. We hope this changes in the future.)
The Big Carnival Parade: ‘Parada Nissarda’
This is the big daytime parade. Roughly 20 floats, 50 giant puppets (with a new theme each year) and many musical bands from all around the world, parade down Nice’s streets, in a colorful and festive atmosphere. Floats and (frankly, inappropriate) burlesques parade, are accompanied by elements of animation, street art, and international musical groups.
- 2022 Schedule:
- Sunday, February 20 at 2:30pm
The Carnival’s Battle-of-Flowers Parades
A carnival queen (elected by the festival committee) and her runners-up open each flower battle on her chariot. French and foreign musical groups join the parade and create the musical atmosphere.
Models, lavishly made up and dressed in gleaming costumes of feathers, sequins and rhinestones, throw bouquets of flowers (around 100,000 flowers, to be exact) to the public. The float decorations are made by hand, using petals of thousands of flowers, glued one by one, in the night and the morning before each “battle”. Beautiful, but like the burlesque show, it’s slightly sexist (all the models are female) and cut flowers come with a high environmental cost.
The battles (Bataille de Fleurs) began in 1856, specifically aimed to entertain the foreign visitors who were beginning to flock to the south of France. The parade gives tribute to the local flower producers. It highlights the diversity of flowers in the French Riviera as over 80% of the flowers are locally produced, but they’re grown in glass houses out-of-season, using pesticides, so it’s not exactly eco-friendly.
- 2022 Schedules:
- Saturday, February 12 at 2:30pm
- Wednesday, February 16 at 2:30pm
- Saturday, February 19 at 2:30pm
- Wednesday, February 23 at 2:30pm
- Saturday, February 26 at 2:30pm
The Carnival’s Lights Parade
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The Nice Carnival Parade of Lights event is an unparalleled visual display. In the evening, come and watch the carnival floats light up and cast incredible moving lights the heart of Nice to the rhythm of musical bands and visual entertainment.
- 2022 Schedules:
- Saturday, February 12 at 9pm
- Tuesday, February 15 at 9pm
- Saturday, February 19 at 9pm
- Tuesday, February 22 at 9pm
- Saturday, February 26 at 9pm (‘Incineration of the King’ / grand finale, with visual animations broadcast on large screens)
Finale: Incineration of the King & Fireworks
As people who care about the environment, we want to say upfront that we think this event is outdated and should no longer be a part of the Carnival. The fire contributes to climate change and is very polluting, the confetti and silly string poisons and chokes sea life and birds, and the fireworks are extremely damaging to wildlife and the environment. We urge you to also speak out about these issues.
Since 1882, a giant ‘King’ has stood upon the royal float to signal the beginning of the festivities, an important moment during the Nice Carnival. Throughout the Carnival, the King remains in the Place Masséna, where all of the parades begin, overseeing the events. On the final night of the carnival, a burning effigy of the King is put on a little boat in the Bay of Angels and pushed out to sea as fireworks explode above him.
Tens of thousands of revelers gather in Place Massena to escort the Carnival King to the sea. Loud music plays and there is dancing in the streets. Silly String and confetti fly everywhere.
The giant King Carnival puppet is then set on fire, followed by an impressive fireworks display set to music over the Baie des Anges . Legend has it that by burning the King, he will then rise again next year from the ashes to reign once again during the Carnival.
- 2022 Schedule:
- Saturday, February 26 at 9pm (‘Incineration of the King’ / grand finale, with visual animations broadcast on large screens)
About Fireworks: As much as we want everyone to have fun at the Nice Carnival, we do not think that the noise from fireworks are a good thing, because fireworks are harmful to human health and very destructive to birds and wildlife. In Italy, they have made their fireworks silent and have set them to classical music. We hope that everywhere else will soon follow suit.
Nice Carnival: The Rules
The following items are not allowed within the Carnival perimeter:
- alcoholic drinks and illegal drugs
- glass and metal containers (cans, glass bottles) or plastic containers with a cap
- bike helmets
- tripods
- folding seats
- metal spray cans (including Carnival silly-string sprays)
- suitcases, shopping bags and other bags and luggage
- rollerblades, scooters, skateboards, bicycles etc.
- blades, blunt and pointed objects
- weapons (even replica and fake)
- fireworks and firecrackers
Wheelchairs and strollers/pushchairs are allowed.
There are no lockers available at the event and anything that is confiscated will not be returned.
Map of the Location of the Nice Carnival
2022 Nice Carnival Event Details
Event Type: Carnival / Festival
Frequency: Annual
Date: February 11 to 27, 2022
Time: Shows at 2:30pm and 9pm; see schedule above.
Cost: Parades cost between €5 and €40 (children under 5 are free). When available (usually in the winter), you can see rates here and book tickets here. Many of the events are free, but there are charges for the parades. For the best view of this perfume-filled, colorful extravaganza, buy a ticket for a seat in the stands or for the designated standing area along the road.
Website: Official Carnaval de Nice Website
Social Media: Facebook – Twitter – Instagram – YouTube – #nicecarnaval
Location: All parades do a loop around the ‘Jardin Albert 1er’ gardens
Transportation: Check out our guide to Nice’s transportation options.
Similar Events: Check out our complete Monaco & the French Riviera events calendar.
Le carnaval des vérités (1920)
- 19201920
- 1h 29m
IMDb RATING
5. 9/10
11
YOUR RATING
In this symbolist drama of truth and falsehood, a countess and her lover try to seduce and blackmail a rich man living near them who is fond of a naïve young friend of theirs. The plot does … Read allIn this symbolist drama of truth and falsehood, a countess and her lover try to seduce and blackmail a rich man living near them who is fond of a naïve young friend of theirs. The plot does not go as well as planned.In this symbolist drama of truth and falsehood, a countess and her lover try to seduce and blackmail a rich man living near them who is fond of a naïve young friend of theirs. The plot does not go as well as planned.
IMDb RATING
5.9/10
11
YOUR RATING
- Director
- Marcel L’Herbier
- Writer
- Marcel L’Herbier(scenario)
- Stars
- Suzanne Desprès
- Paul Capellani
- Jaque Catelain
- Director
- Marcel L’Herbier
- Writer
- Marcel L’Herbier(scenario)
- Stars
- Suzanne Desprès
- Paul Capellani
- Jaque Catelain
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Suzanne Desprès
- Madame Della Gentia
Paul Capellani
- Paul Dorsenne
Jaque Catelain
- Juan Tristan
Marcelle Pradot
- Clarisse
Claude France
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Diane Ferval
- Andrée Cernein
Philippe Hériat
Fernand Ledoux
Marcelle Lucas
Mado Minty
Eugénie Nau
- Madame Aristoy
- Director
- Marcel L’Herbier
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- Marcel L’Herbier(scenario)
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- Release date
- November 1920 (United States)
- Country of origin
- France
- Languages
- None
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- Infatuation of Youth
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- Studios La Villette, Paris 19, Paris, France
- Production company
- Gaumont Série Pax
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1 hour 29 minutes
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- Black and White
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- Silent
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- 1. 33 : 1
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carnaval – Wiktionary
Contents
- 1 English
- 1.1 Etymology 1
- 1.1.1 Pronunciation
- 1.1.2 Noun
- 1.2 Etymology 2
- 1.2.1 Noun
- 1.1 Etymology 1
- 2 Catalan
- 2.1 Etymology
- 2.2 Pronunciation
- 2.3 Noun
- 2.3.1 Derived terms
- 2.4 Further reading
- 3 Dutch
- 3.1 Etymology
- 3.2 Pronunciation
- 3.3 Noun
- 3.3.1 Synonyms
- 3.3.2 Derived terms
- 3.3.3 Related terms
- 3.3.4 Descendants
- 4 French
- 4. 1 Etymology
- 4.2 Pronunciation
- 4.3 Noun
- 4.3.1 Derived terms
- 4.3.2 Descendants
- 4.4 Further reading
- 5 Portuguese
- 5.1 Etymology
- 5.2 Pronunciation
- 5.3 Noun
- 5.3.1 Related terms
- 5.3.2 Derived terms
- 6 Romanian
- 6.1 Etymology
- 6.2 Noun
- 6.2.1 Declension
- 7 Spanish
- 7.1 Etymology
- 7.2 Pronunciation
- 7.3 Noun
- 7.3.1 Derived terms
- 7.4 Further reading
English[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Spanish carnaval, Portuguese carnaval.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /kɑɹnəˈvɑl/
Noun[edit]
carnaval (countable and uncountable, plural carnavals)
- One of various large carnivals held before the beginning of Lent, especially in Latin America.
Etymology 2[edit]
Noun[edit]
carnaval (plural carnavals)
- Obsolete spelling of carnival
Catalan[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Italian carnevale.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Balearic) IPA(key): /kəɾ.nəˈval/
- (Central) IPA(key): /kər.nəˈbal/
- (Valencian) IPA(key): /kaɾ.naˈval/
Noun[edit]
carnaval m (plural carnavals)
- carnival (festival held just before Lent)
- Synonym: (in the Catalan Countries) carnestoltes
Derived terms[edit]
- carnavalada
- carnavalesc
Further reading[edit]
- “carnaval” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
carnaval
Wikipedia nl
Etymology[edit]
Borrowed from French carnaval, either from Italian carnivale, from Medieval Latin carnelevale, from carnem (“flesh”) + levāre (“lighten, raise”). The alternative carnem vale (“flesh farewell”) is a folk etymology.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈkɑrnaːvɑl/, /kɑrnaːˈvɑl/, /-nə-/
-
carnaval (file) - Hyphenation: car‧na‧val
Noun[edit]
carnaval n (plural carnavals, diminutive carnavalletje n)
- The carnival, last festive occasion(s) before Lent, notably on Shrove Tuesday
- (within the southern Netherlands and Belgium, specifically) A festival celebrated with costuming, parades and other festivities, with a general emphasis on parody, jest and local tradition and dialect.
Synonyms[edit]
- (in some areas) vastenavond
Derived terms[edit]
- carnavalesk
- carnavalskostuum
- carnavalslied
- carnavalsmasker
- carnavalsnaam
- carnavalsoptocht
- carnavalsstoet
Related terms[edit]
- alaaf
- hossen
Descendants[edit]
- → Indonesian: karnaval
Etymology[edit]
Either from Italian carnevale, from Medieval Latin carnelevale, from caro (“flesh”) + levo (“to lighten, to raise”), or directly from Medieval Latin.
The alternative carne vale (“to flesh/meat, farewell”) is believed to be a folk etymology.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /kaʁ.na.val/
-
Audio (Paris) (file) - Homophone: carnavals
Noun[edit]
carnaval m (plural carnavals)
- the carnival, last festive occasion before Lent, notably on Shrove Tuesday, marked by a masked parade and/or ball
Derived terms[edit]
- carnavalesque
- carnavaleux
- carnavalier
- carnavaliser
Descendants[edit]
- → Russian: карнава́л (karnavál)
- → Kazakh: карнавал (karnaval)
- → Turkish: karnaval
Further reading[edit]
- “carnaval”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Portuguese[edit]
Portuguese Wikipedia has an article on:
carnaval
Wikipedia pt
Etymology[edit]
From Italian carnevale (“carnival”), from the Latin phrase carnis levare, to put away meat.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): (Brazil) /kaʁ.naˈvaw/, [kaɦ.naˈvaʊ̯]
- IPA(key): (São Paulo) /kaɾ.naˈvaw/, [kaɾ.naˈvaʊ̯]
- IPA(key): (Rio de Janeiro) /kaʁ.naˈvaw/, [kaʁ.naˈvaʊ̯]
- IPA(key): (Portugal) /kɐɾ.nɐˈval/, [kɐɾ.nɐˈvaɫ]
- Hyphenation: car‧na‧val
- Rhymes: -al, -aw
Noun[edit]
carnaval m (plural carnavais)
- carnival (festive occasion marked by parades)
- Synonym: entrudo
Related terms[edit]
- carnavalesco
Derived terms[edit]
- pular carnaval
Romanian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From French carnaval.
Noun[edit]
carnaval n (plural carnavaluri)
- carnival
Declension[edit]
Declension of carnaval
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
nominative/accusative | (un) carnaval | carnavalul | (niște) carnavaluri | carnavalurile |
genitive/dative | (unui) carnaval | carnavalului | (unor) carnavaluri | carnavalurilor |
vocative | carnavalule | carnavalurilor |
Spanish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Italian carnevale.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /kaɾnaˈbal/, [kaɾ.naˈβ̞al]
Noun[edit]
carnaval m (plural carnavales)
- carnival (festival held just before Lent)
Derived terms[edit]
- carnavalear
- carnavalesco
- carnavalito
- Martes de Carnaval
Further reading[edit]
- “carnaval”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Carnival | it’s… What is Carnival?
This term has other meanings, see Carnival (meanings).
Carnival in Dunkirk. France, 2008
Jan Mil. Carnival in Rome , 1653. Prado
Carnival (etymology unknown) is a holiday associated with dressing up, masquerades and colorful processions, celebrated before Lent. It is similar to the Slavic Maslenitsa or Myasopust among the Catholic Slavs (see Fat Tuesday). It is distributed mainly in Catholic countries and goes back to the pagan customs of the Roman Empire. It is accompanied by mass folk festivals with street processions and theatrical performances.
Carnival appeared in the 9th-10th centuries. The earliest references to periodic city festivals in various cities of Western Europe date back to this time. The first carnivals appeared in Italy – the Venice Carnival, where large independent cities appeared first of all. Then carnivals appeared in France, and later in Germany: Mainz, Düsseldorf and Cologne.
Contents
|
Etymology
The origin of the word “carnival” is not clear, it is supposed to be connected either with the Italian word “carne” (meat) or with “carrus” (wagon). The first theory assumes a Christian origin, and the second a pagan one.
Derivatives from “carne” point to variants of this word in Italian dialects [en] , claiming that the source is the words carne levare “remove meat”, forbidden in Post [1] .
There is a version of the origin from the Roman name of the festival Navigium Isidis [en] – “carrus navalis” [2] [3] [4] .
Folk etymology – origin of the word from carne vale (farewell to meat) [1] .
Celebration
Folk festive forms usually constituted the second, unofficial half of the holiday, while the first was associated with the performance of certain church rituals. Only in the 18th and 19th centuries they separated, and the carnival began to exist as one of the types of mass entertainment.
The main part of any carnival is the procession along the main streets of the city. Its leading motif is abundance, which comes from the ancient harvest festivals. It can be expressed in huge piles of agricultural products, flowers, foods that are fed to everyone. Everything that happens during the procession is emphatically playful. The main figure at the carnival is the jester. He sets the tone for both the procession and the performance, which then unfolds in the central square of the city.
In each city, the carnival developed according to a certain scenario that had developed over many years. The carnival was usually led by city merchant corporations. For example, the organizer of the butter carnival in Nuremberg has traditionally been a corporation of butchers, and in France – winemakers.
The most famous Carnival in the world is held in Rio de Janeiro. Tourists from all over the world come to Brazil for this large-scale holiday, which is carefully prepared throughout the year and includes an assessment of the performances of special large teams through a competitive system.
In the Rhine cities of Germany, such as Cologne and Düsseldorf, carnival is associated with many rituals. Carnival there is the end of the “fifth season”, which begins on November 11 at 11:11 am (11.11. 11:11). Then a carnival committee is created, which selects a prince, a peasant and a girl (Prinz, Bauer und Jungfrau). All three are always played by men. The pinnacle of the carnival is the carnival procession on the first Monday of Lent – Rosenmontag.
Peter’s and Catherine’s Russian court carnivals are known. In modern Russia, in the manner of Western European carnivals, they are held in some cities during processions as part of the celebration of the City Day, separate civil mass carnivals are held in St. , Samara (Samara carnival), Gelendzhik (carnival “Gelendzhik the sun smiles”).
European cities (including some Russian ones) that hold traditional carnivals are united by the Association of European Carnival Cities (FECC).
A brilliant description of the carnival is found in the novel by Francois Rabelais “Gargantua and Pantagruel” .
See also
- Fat Thursday
- Fat Tuesday
- Ash Wednesday
- ↑ Isis Rising. carnival.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ↑ Di Cocco (2007) Chapter II, pages.23-40
- ↑ Valantasis (2000) p.378
- V. F. Kolyazin. Carnival in Germany and other German-speaking lands // Kolyazin V.F. From Mystery to Carnival: Theatricality of the German religious and square scene of the early and late Middle Ages. — M.: Nauka, 2002, p. 88-118
- M. M. Bakhtin “Francois Rabelais and the laughter culture of the Middle Ages.”
- Federation European Carnival Cities
- Bueno Latina. Rating of the best carnivals in the world
- Article about Brazilian carnivals on Dance Code
- Article about the Uruguayan carnival
- Carnival in Cologne – Scenes of folk festivals. Deutsche Welle report
- “The fifth season in Europe”
- “Carnival of Love” Article about carnival in Ukraine
- Carnival in Russia. From history
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Celebration
- 3 See also
- 4 Notes
- 5 Literature
- 6 Links
- Fat Thursday
- Fat Tuesday
- Ash Wednesday
- ↑ Isis Rising. carnival.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ↑ Di Cocco (2007) Chapter II, pages. 23-40
- ↑ Valantasis (2000) p.378
- V. F. Kolyazin. Carnival in Germany and other German-speaking lands // Kolyazin V.F. From Mystery to Carnival: Theatricality of the German religious and square scene of the early and late Middle Ages. — M.: Nauka, 2002, p. 88-118
- M. M. Bakhtin “Francois Rabelais and the laughter culture of the Middle Ages.”
- Federation European Carnival Cities
- Bueno Latina. Rating of the best carnivals in the world
- Article about Brazilian carnivals on Dance Code
- Article about the Uruguayan carnival
- Carnival in Cologne – Scenes of folk festivals. Deutsche Welle report
- “The fifth season in Europe”
- “Carnival of Love” Article about carnival in Ukraine
- Carnival in Russia. From history
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Celebration
- 3 See also
- 4 Notes
- 5 Literature
- 6 Links
- Fat Thursday
- Fat Tuesday
- Ash Wednesday
- ↑ Isis Rising. carnival.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ↑ Di Cocco (2007) Chapter II, pages.23-40
- ↑ Valantasis (2000) p.378
- V. F. Kolyazin. Carnival in Germany and other German-speaking lands // Kolyazin V.F. From Mystery to Carnival: Theatricality of the German religious and square scene of the early and late Middle Ages. — M.: Nauka, 2002, p. 88-118
- M. M. Bakhtin “Francois Rabelais and the laughter culture of the Middle Ages.”
- Federation European Carnival Cities
- Bueno Latina. Rating of the best carnivals in the world
- Article about Brazilian carnivals on Dance Code
- Article about the Uruguayan carnival
- Carnival in Cologne – Scenes of folk festivals. Deutsche Welle report
- “The fifth season in Europe”
- “Carnival of Love” Article about carnival in Ukraine
- Carnival in Russia. From history
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Celebration
- 3 See also
- 4 Notes
- 5 Literature
- 6 Links
- Fat Thursday
- Fat Tuesday
- Ash Wednesday
- ↑ Isis Rising. carnival.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ↑ Di Cocco (2007) Chapter II, pages. 23-40
- ↑ Valantasis (2000) p.378
- V. F. Kolyazin. Carnival in Germany and other German-speaking lands // Kolyazin V.F. From Mystery to Carnival: Theatricality of the German religious and square scene of the early and late Middle Ages. — M.: Nauka, 2002, p. 88-118
- M. M. Bakhtin “Francois Rabelais and the laughter culture of the Middle Ages.”
- Federation European Carnival Cities
- Bueno Latina. Rating of the best carnivals in the world
- Article about Brazilian carnivals on Dance Code
- Article about the Uruguayan carnival
- Carnival in Cologne – Scenes of folk festivals. Deutsche Welle report
- “The fifth season in Europe”
- “Carnival of Love” Article about carnival in Ukraine
- Carnival in Russia. From history
Online Etymology Dictionary. etymonline.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Literature
Links
Carnival | it’s… What is Carnival?
This term has other meanings, see Carnival (meanings).
Carnival in Dunkirk. France, 2008
Jan Mil. Carnival in Rome , 1653. Prado
Carnival (etymology unknown) is a holiday associated with dressing up, masquerades and colorful processions, celebrated before Lent. It is similar to the Slavic Maslenitsa or Myasopust among the Catholic Slavs (see Fat Tuesday). It is distributed mainly in Catholic countries and goes back to the pagan customs of the Roman Empire. It is accompanied by mass folk festivals with street processions and theatrical performances.
Carnival appeared in the 9th-10th centuries. The earliest references to periodic city festivals in various cities of Western Europe date back to this time. The first carnivals appeared in Italy – the Venice Carnival, where large independent cities appeared first of all. Then carnivals appeared in France, and later in Germany: Mainz, Düsseldorf and Cologne.
Contents |
Etymology
The origin of the word “carnival” is not clear, it is supposed to be connected either with the Italian word “carne” (meat) or with “carrus” (wagon). The first theory assumes a Christian origin, and the second a pagan one.
Derivatives from “carne” point to variants of this word in Italian dialects [en] , claiming that the source is the words carne levare “remove meat”, forbidden in Post [1] .
There is a version of the origin from the Roman name of the festival Navigium Isidis [en] – “carrus navalis” [2] [3] [4] .
Folk etymology – origin of the word from carne vale (farewell to meat) [1] .
Celebration
Folk festive forms usually constituted the second, unofficial half of the holiday, while the first was associated with the performance of certain church rituals. Only in the 18th and 19th centuries they separated, and the carnival began to exist as one of the types of mass entertainment.
The main part of any carnival is the procession along the main streets of the city. Its leading motif is abundance, which comes from the ancient harvest festivals. It can be expressed in huge piles of agricultural products, flowers, foods that are fed to everyone. Everything that happens during the procession is emphatically playful. The main figure at the carnival is the jester. He sets the tone for both the procession and the performance, which then unfolds in the central square of the city.
In each city, the carnival developed according to a certain scenario that had developed over many years. The carnival was usually led by city merchant corporations. For example, the organizer of the butter carnival in Nuremberg has traditionally been a corporation of butchers, and in France – winemakers.
The most famous Carnival in the world is held in Rio de Janeiro. Tourists from all over the world come to Brazil for this large-scale holiday, which is carefully prepared throughout the year and includes an assessment of the performances of special large teams through a competitive system.
In the Rhine cities of Germany, such as Cologne and Düsseldorf, carnival is associated with many rituals. Carnival there is the end of the “fifth season”, which begins on November 11 at 11:11 am (11.11. 11:11). Then a carnival committee is created, which selects a prince, a peasant and a girl (Prinz, Bauer und Jungfrau). All three are always played by men. The pinnacle of the carnival is the carnival procession on the first Monday of Lent – Rosenmontag.
Peter’s and Catherine’s Russian court carnivals are known. In modern Russia, in the manner of Western European carnivals, they are held in some cities during processions as part of the celebration of the City Day, separate civil mass carnivals are held in St. , Samara (Samara carnival), Gelendzhik (carnival “Gelendzhik the sun smiles”).
European cities (including some Russian ones) that hold traditional carnivals are united by the Association of European Carnival Cities (FECC).
A brilliant description of the carnival is found in the novel by Francois Rabelais “Gargantua and Pantagruel” .
See also
Online Etymology Dictionary. etymonline.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Literature
Links
Carnival | it’s… What is Carnival?
This term has other meanings, see Carnival (meanings).
Carnival in Dunkirk. France, 2008
Jan Mil. Carnival in Rome , 1653. Prado
Carnival (etymology unknown) is a holiday associated with dressing up, masquerades and colorful processions, celebrated before Lent. It is similar to the Slavic Maslenitsa or Myasopust among the Catholic Slavs (see Fat Tuesday). It is distributed mainly in Catholic countries and goes back to the pagan customs of the Roman Empire. It is accompanied by mass folk festivals with street processions and theatrical performances.
Carnival appeared in the 9th-10th centuries. The earliest references to periodic city festivals in various cities of Western Europe date back to this time. The first carnivals appeared in Italy – the Venice Carnival, where large independent cities appeared first of all. Then carnivals appeared in France, and later in Germany: Mainz, Düsseldorf and Cologne.
Contents |
Etymology
The origin of the word “carnival” is not clear, it is supposed to be connected either with the Italian word “carne” (meat) or with “carrus” (wagon). The first theory assumes a Christian origin, and the second a pagan one.
Derivatives from “carne” point to variants of this word in Italian dialects [en] , claiming that the source is the words carne levare “remove meat”, forbidden in Post [1] .
There is a version of the origin from the Roman name of the festival Navigium Isidis [en] – “carrus navalis” [2] [3] [4] .
Folk etymology – origin of the word from carne vale (farewell to meat) [1] .
Celebration
Folk festive forms usually constituted the second, unofficial half of the holiday, while the first was associated with the performance of certain church rituals. Only in the 18th and 19th centuries they separated, and the carnival began to exist as one of the types of mass entertainment.
The main part of any carnival is the procession along the main streets of the city. Its leading motif is abundance, which comes from the ancient harvest festivals. It can be expressed in huge piles of agricultural products, flowers, foods that are fed to everyone. Everything that happens during the procession is emphatically playful. The main figure at the carnival is the jester. He sets the tone for both the procession and the performance, which then unfolds in the central square of the city.
In each city, the carnival developed according to a certain scenario that had developed over many years. The carnival was usually led by city merchant corporations. For example, the organizer of the butter carnival in Nuremberg has traditionally been a corporation of butchers, and in France – winemakers.
The most famous Carnival in the world is held in Rio de Janeiro. Tourists from all over the world come to Brazil for this large-scale holiday, which is carefully prepared throughout the year and includes an assessment of the performances of special large teams through a competitive system.
In the Rhine cities of Germany, such as Cologne and Düsseldorf, carnival is associated with many rituals. Carnival there is the end of the “fifth season”, which begins on November 11 at 11:11 am (11.11. 11:11). Then a carnival committee is created, which selects a prince, a peasant and a girl (Prinz, Bauer und Jungfrau). All three are always played by men. The pinnacle of the carnival is the carnival procession on the first Monday of Lent – Rosenmontag.
Peter’s and Catherine’s Russian court carnivals are known. In modern Russia, in the manner of Western European carnivals, they are held in some cities during processions as part of the celebration of the City Day, separate civil mass carnivals are held in St. , Samara (Samara carnival), Gelendzhik (carnival “Gelendzhik the sun smiles”).
European cities (including some Russian ones) that hold traditional carnivals are united by the Association of European Carnival Cities (FECC).
A brilliant description of the carnival is found in the novel by Francois Rabelais “Gargantua and Pantagruel” .
See also
Online Etymology Dictionary. etymonline.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Literature
Links
Carnival | it’s… What is Carnival?
This term has other meanings, see Carnival (meanings).
Carnival in Dunkirk. France, 2008
Jan Mil. Carnival in Rome , 1653. Prado
Carnival (etymology unknown) is a holiday associated with dressing up, masquerades and colorful processions, celebrated before Lent. It is similar to the Slavic Maslenitsa or Myasopust among the Catholic Slavs (see Fat Tuesday). It is distributed mainly in Catholic countries and goes back to the pagan customs of the Roman Empire. It is accompanied by mass folk festivals with street processions and theatrical performances.
Carnival appeared in the 9th-10th centuries. The earliest references to periodic city festivals in various cities of Western Europe date back to this time. The first carnivals appeared in Italy – the Venice Carnival, where large independent cities appeared first of all. Then carnivals appeared in France, and later in Germany: Mainz, Düsseldorf and Cologne.
Contents |
Etymology
The origin of the word “carnival” is not clear, it is supposed to be connected either with the Italian word “carne” (meat) or with “carrus” (wagon). The first theory assumes a Christian origin, and the second a pagan one.
Derivatives from “carne” point to variants of this word in Italian dialects [en] , claiming that the source is the words carne levare “remove meat”, forbidden in Post [1] .
There is a version of the origin from the Roman name of the festival Navigium Isidis [en] – “carrus navalis” [2] [3] [4] .
Folk etymology – origin of the word from carne vale (farewell to meat) [1] .
Celebration
Folk festive forms usually constituted the second, unofficial half of the holiday, while the first was associated with the performance of certain church rituals. Only in the 18th and 19th centuries they separated, and the carnival began to exist as one of the types of mass entertainment.
The main part of any carnival is the procession along the main streets of the city. Its leading motif is abundance, which comes from the ancient harvest festivals. It can be expressed in huge piles of agricultural products, flowers, foods that are fed to everyone. Everything that happens during the procession is emphatically playful. The main figure at the carnival is the jester. He sets the tone for both the procession and the performance, which then unfolds in the central square of the city.
In each city, the carnival developed according to a certain scenario that had developed over many years. The carnival was usually led by city merchant corporations. For example, the organizer of the butter carnival in Nuremberg has traditionally been a corporation of butchers, and in France – winemakers.
The most famous Carnival in the world is held in Rio de Janeiro. Tourists from all over the world come to Brazil for this large-scale holiday, which is carefully prepared throughout the year and includes an assessment of the performances of special large teams through a competitive system.
In the Rhine cities of Germany, such as Cologne and Düsseldorf, carnival is associated with many rituals. Carnival there is the end of the “fifth season”, which begins on November 11 at 11:11 am (11.11. 11:11). Then a carnival committee is created, which selects a prince, a peasant and a girl (Prinz, Bauer und Jungfrau). All three are always played by men. The pinnacle of the carnival is the carnival procession on the first Monday of Lent – Rosenmontag.
Peter’s and Catherine’s Russian court carnivals are known. In modern Russia, in the manner of Western European carnivals, they are held in some cities during processions as part of the celebration of the City Day, separate civil mass carnivals are held in St. , Samara (Samara carnival), Gelendzhik (carnival “Gelendzhik the sun smiles”).
European cities (including some Russian ones) that hold traditional carnivals are united by the Association of European Carnival Cities (FECC).
A brilliant description of the carnival is found in the novel by Francois Rabelais “Gargantua and Pantagruel” .
See also
Online Etymology Dictionary. etymonline.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Literature
Links
What is a carnival and why is it called that? | Culture
I’m sure you remember the lines from “Eugene Onegin”:
He knew enough Latin –
To parse epigrams,
Talk about Juvenal,
Put “vale” at the end of the letter. ..
9002 Footnote page that “vale” (lat.) means “goodbye.”
Before the Easter fast in the cities of medieval Catholic Italy, huge holidays were held. Long post ahead. It will be impossible to eat meat, and often fish, it will be impossible to have fun and dance. And all the fun, all the joyful emotions, people were in a hurry to throw out in the last pre-Easter holiday, which was called … translated into Russian will be “Farewell, meat”, and in Latin: “Carne vale”. This “Carne Vale” in Russian has turned into a carnival.
Jan Mil, Carnival in Rome, 1653
Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
And after the carnival for many weeks, until Easter itself, believers had to lead a righteous life, they should have thought about the soul, prayed, fasted and remembered the exploits of Christian saints, occasionally and slowly remembering what a great time at the carnival.
The general celebration on the eve of Lent took root in Europe, and then, during the colonization of the Americas, it jumped across the Atlantic. True, at first – mainly to Central and South America, they were colonized by Catholic Spain and Portugal.
Protestants colonized North America. English and French. WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) until very recently were considered the basis, the core, it was they who created the United States of America. It was with them that the migration to North America of masses of people who were humiliated in the Old World and who wanted to live in the free world began. And Protestantism and various carnivals there are incompatible.
The traditional carnival of Acireale is the most famous in Sicily
Photo: en.wikipedia.org
But there are exceptional territories in the USA too, Florida was originally a French colony, and it was the French who founded New Orleans, and the influence of Catholicism there was very strong.
Time has passed. Today in Europe the most famous carnival takes place in Venice (Carnevale di Venezia). It has a huge history, for the first time to celebrate and dance in Piazza San Marco, the inhabitants of the city gathered in 1094 year. This is a traditional, “real” carnival, with a history of almost a thousand years.
By tradition, it always begins with the descent of an angel into Piazza San Marco (an acrobat descends on a tightrope from the bell tower of the cathedral). All participants of the carnival wear carnival clothes and masks, and mostly traditional costumes of the heroes of the “commedia dell’arte” (Pantalone, Brighello, Truffaldino, Harlequin, Colombina …). At the end of the carnival, which always takes place on Fat Tuesday, the eve of the beginning of Lent, an effigy is traditionally burned and people dance in the square. And then, after the dancing, the carnival ends and Lent begins.
Carnival in Venice, Italy, 2004
Photo: ru.wikipedia.org. he is Mardi Gras (“Fat Tuesday”).
Latin America carnivals have reached a huge scale and have become the hallmark of a number of countries. For example, the famous Brazilian carnival in Rio de Janeiro attracts tourists from all over the world. Moreover, there are special teams of professionals who prepare new masks, costumes, and work out changes in dances all year round. Some locals spend all the money they earn and get into debt just to buy some special carnival costume and, together with all the participants, walk in the column of one of the samba schools.
Carnival in Brazil
Photo: Depositphotos
In Brazil carnivals began only in the 17th century. And the characters of the “commedia dell’arte” here today and does not smell. After the first samba was written in 1917, samba carnivals began here. Several teams representing different samba schools are fighting for the victory, the audience rejoices over all of them, and a special jury of the carnival chooses the winning team.
Teams of samba schools demonstrate their skills on a 700-meter long street specially built for this purpose, which is called the sambadrome. The competition lasts two nights, so, in addition to the ability to dance samba in the style of this school, it is necessary not only to be able to dance well, but also to be very physically resilient.
In Europe, two more countries have their own carnivals – Switzerland and Germany . However, the Swiss carnival is already held during Lent – in its first week. But in Germany they came up with a completely exotic time to start the carnival. The number 11 in Germany is considered the fool’s number. So the festival starts on the 11th day of the 11th month at 11:11 sharp. Both Cologne and Düsseldorf consider themselves the main cities of the German carnival. They compete with each other to make their festival more interesting this year.
Bernese Carnival in Switzerland
Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
So the holiday, once closely associated with religious settings, turned into just a folk festival, costumed marches, fireworks and entertainment. And they have been organizing this for many years, not so much to entertain residents of those cities where carnivals are held, but to attract tourists from all over the world. Business and here tries to take precedence over entertainment.
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Carnival in Italy | Italian language in Yekaterinburg. Italian Center “ItalEka”.
The tradition of carnivals is rooted in the pagan past of mankind. Historians trace the traditions of celebrating carnivals back to time immemorial and believe that the ancient agricultural rituals of welcoming spring and the beginning of sowing laid the foundation for these popular festivities today. In all archaic cultures, celebrations in honor of the gods of fertility were the central event of the year.
Pre-Christian ideas about the unity of man and nature are preserved in folk holidays. They brightened up the hard life of people, gave them a respite, an opportunity to temporarily escape from the harsh reality of a cruel world with its exhausting work, devastating epidemics and wars, and the constant expectation of punishment from heaven for any sins. An invariable attribute of festivities of this kind was the ritual of returning to the natural state, when a person, intoxicated with wine, music and collective enthusiasm, removed the prohibitions of traditional morality. Such festivities were accompanied by frenzy and were necessary as the most important element of psychological “detente”. Dressing in someone else’s costume, a person violated a certain taboo norm and went beyond the border of the ordinary, everyday world into the sphere of violation of prohibitions, parody, or even entered into relationships with otherworldly forces.
The origin of the word “carnival” is not clear, it is supposed to be related either to the Italian word “carne” (meat) or “carrus” (wagon). Proponents of the derivation from “carne” point to variants of this word in Italian dialects, arguing that the source is the words carne levare “remove meat”, forbidden in Lent. According to another version, the name of this event comes from the name of special platforms in the form of ships – lat. “carrum navalis” (“sea cart”, “ship of festive processions”), on which the participants of saturnalia moved around Ancient Rome.
In the first centuries of our era, ancient paganism in Europe was replaced everywhere by Christianity, with its strict dichotomy of good and evil: the world appeared as an arena for the mortal struggle between God and the Devil, moral principles changed and man was forced to recognize many of his natural needs as sin. Carnivals, despite their frank orgasm, or perhaps precisely because of it, did not disappear and became almost the only bridge connecting the medieval man, who was too concerned about saving the soul, with his earthly nature.
One of the most famous, colorful and crowded carnivals in the world is, of course, the Venetian.
Venice Carnival is a holiday with almost a thousand years of history. He survived his heyday, decline, death and rebirth. During the rise of the Republic of Venice, which lasted for more than a thousand years, from the end of the 7th century to the end of the 18th century, costumed festivities lasted six weeks a year. And at the end of the existence of the republic, masks were worn from October 5 to December 16 and from December 26 to Shrovetide (that is, in the cold season, the masquerade was interrupted only during the Christmas fast). Once in 179In the year 7, the city surrendered without resistance to the army of Napoleon, the carnival was canceled by decree of Emperor Bonaparte. Dictator Benito Mussolini did not like the idea of a masquerade either – in the 1930s a special document was issued prohibiting carnival masks and outfits.
MASKS
Moretta (from the Italian la moretta or servetta muta – a black oval mask made of velvet that hides the face of a woman. The ancient moretta was fastened with a small pin that the woman clamped in her teeth – silence only added to the beauties of mystery.
Bauta (from the Italian bautta – scarecrow) – a male mask made of white satin with black silk, complemented by a black cape and a black hat.
Mask of a cat – cats, according to an old legend, Chinese merchants brought to Venice, who thereby saved the Italian city from the dominance of mice.
Volto – neutral mask covering the entire face. It is attached to the face with ribbons or held by the hand by the elegant handle.
Doctor Plague – a frightening mask with a long beak. Although it is now part of the carnival costume, this mask was once the hallmark of doctors during plague epidemics. The rest of the townspeople wore masks during epidemics to deceive death “wandering” around Venice.
Columbine – half mask, often decorated with gold, silver, crystal and feathers. The mask was part of the image of the actress of the same name in the commedia dell’arte. According to legend, the actress was so beautiful that she did not want to hide her face, and a mask was created especially for her, covering only part of her face.
Other carnival entertainment – classical music concerts, theatrical performances and thematic tours of Venice, dedicated to the most interesting pages of the city’s history and famous Venetians. You can attend a dance workshop, but don’t expect to be shown fashionable moves – rather, they will teach you the basics of cotillion step by step. And, of course, any events – from gondola excursions to breakfasts with hot chocolate – require compliance with the dress code: you must come to them in carnival costumes.
Carnival of Venice is the most famous
carnival in the Old World, but by no means the only one. Carnivals of a smaller scale,
but no less attractive and original, are held in
in other Italian cities.
Carnival in the Tuscan city Viareggio ( Viareggio ) is no less famous in Italy than the Venetian. It has been celebrated since 1873, when the urban aristocracy decided to arrange a parade of carnival carts in the city center, and ordinary residents took advantage of the opportunity to dress up in carnival costumes and ridicule local politicians. Since then, the Carnival in Viareggio has been famous as the most daring and accusatory in all of Italy, and politicians and public figures of our days are unambiguously guessed in the figures on the carnival carts. Huge papier-mache structures, some of which weigh up to 40 tons, are carried along the boulevard, which stretches along the seashore. Each of them is a work of art and is created within a year by the best artists of the city. The height of each wagon reaches 25 meters, i.e. height of an 8-storey building.
One of the most beautiful carnivals in Sicily takes place in the city of Acireale ( Acireale ) in the province of Catania. You will find a parade with a sea of marvelous characters, processions with carts and platforms decorated with flowers, as well as funny games and contests. Don’t miss the sack jumping and the local fun called “albero della cuccagna”, which means “fat tree”. The task of the participants of the competition is to climb a tree, the trunk of which is smeared with fat. The Sicilians create wagons and decorations for them for a whole year, they carefully prepare for the carnival, which is why it turns out so beautiful and bright, attracting hundreds of thousands of tourists every year.
The most famous carnival in Sicily is the carnival in the old, medieval town of Sciacca in the province of Agrigento . Carnival King Peppe Nappa opens the festival with symbolic keys on a clean Thursday, and at the end of the carnival he will suffer the same fate as all the kings of Italian carnivals – he will be burned in the square. Along the medieval streets of the old city from 2 pm to 5 am the next day, strings of allegorical carts built according to the strict laws of carnival, groups of dancers of various dance schools, rhythmic, carnival music are continuously playing.
Carnival in Mamoiada (Mamoiada ) in Sardinia is one of the oldest folk festivals celebrated on the island. The inhabitants of this town gather in the central square to dance for several hours in a row to traditional music and admire the festive procession of Mamuthones Issohadores – traditional Sardinian masks. The mask “Juvanne Martis Sero” symbolizes the end of the carnival. On Tuesday, this doll is carried on a small cart through the streets of the town. The cart is driven by men who mourn the death of Juvanne Martis Sero and sing heartbreaking pitiful chants. At the end of the ritual, in the square and on the streets of the town, all participants are treated to wines and typical local dishes of pork and beans. More and more people come to witness this action.
Carnival in Putignano (Putignano ) in Puglia is primarily known for being one of the oldest and longest in Europe – all entertainment events last for a total of about one and a half months, starting immediately after Christmas . The main symbol of the carnival is the harlequin Farinella in a traditional white and green costume. One of the most colorful events of the carnival is the parade of moving allegorical platforms, on which huge funny and sometimes ironic compositions are installed, often dedicated to some vital national manifestations of life, or simply cheerful bright scenes. Every day of the carnival is something remarkable. The “analogue” of American Groundhog Day is celebrated – Bear Day, which is credited with unusual abilities, for example, to predict the weather! If the weather does not spoil the inhabitants on this day, then the bear is made in the form of a haystack, so that in the future weather troubles would pass by. But even today, according to tradition, the carnival ends with a comic theatrical funeral procession mourning Mr. Carnival. The faces of the “mourners” are hidden by mournful masks, they loudly “groan and sob.” The “mourners” are followed by the widow of Carnival, accompanied by harlequins who howl and play along with her. On the main square of Putignano, the widow receives condolences from the highest officials of the City Council, after which the symbolic doll, Mr. Carnival, is burned.
A few kilometers from the city of Arezzo (Arezzo) , on an ancient Roman road, lost among vineyards and olive groves, stands the ancient Tuscan city Castiglione Fibocchi . In the last days before Lent, figures dressed in bright mythical outfits, hiding their faces under mysterious masks, appear on its streets. Carnival dei Fili di Bokko (Children of Bokko) is famous for its traditional night festivities, carnival processions by moonlight, magic shows and tricks in the squares, baroque costumes and masks, and delicious treats in honor of the King of Bokko.
Twin carnival in Rio de Janeiro, carnival in Cento ( Cento) in the province of Ferrara) is one of the most spectacular and fun carnivals in Europe. For a whole year, carnival associations have been preparing allegorical carts that compete for the main prize in a difficult festive contest. True works of art, “papier-mâché monuments” can reach 6 meters in length and width and be up to 20 meters high, compete to win the 1st Carnival Prize. The symbol of the carnival is the TASI MASK. According to legend, this Tasi was a great lover of good wine, and when it came to choosing between his wife and a glass of Lambrusco, he chose the second option. Tasi opens the parade on the first day, and on the last day of the carnival, the traditional rite of “burning Tasi” and a big fireworks display take place.
Carnival in Ivrea (Ivrea) in Piedmont has a history of more than 200 years. The townspeople, as in past centuries, dress up in historical costumes, march through the city to the sound of drums and bagpipes in a colorful procession with flags. Carnevale d’Ivrea lasts a week, ending with the famous Battle of the Oranges, and including parades, music, and a giant bonfire. But it’s the pelting of oranges at each other that gets the most attention.